Summary A malicious container can crash or destabilize the privileged Inspektor Gadget process when a gadget using USDT probes is deployed. The vulnerability is in the USDT note parser ("pkg/uprobetracer/usdt.go") which is invoked when a gadget with a "SEC("usdt/...")" section attaches to a target binary. An unprivileged process can place a crafted ELF binary at the expected library path, triggering one of two attack vectors: 1. Panic (immediate crash): A stapsdt note with a small "DescSize" causes an out-of-bounds slice access, panicking the IG process. 2. Memory exhaustion (OOM kill): A stapsdt note with a very large "NameSize" or "DescSize" causes IG to allocate up to ~4 GiB of memory, which can killnthe process if deployed with memory restrictions (e.g., cgroup limits). Important: The vulnerability is only triggered when running a gadget that uses USDT probes (i.e., contains a "SEC("usdt/...")" eBPF section). No gadget shipped by the Inspektor Gadget project uses USDT today. Users who deploy their own custom USDT gadgets are affected. Severity Low — Denial of Service (process crash or OOM) of a privileged host process, triggered by an unprivileged container. The vulnerable code path is only reached when a gadget using USDT probes is deployed. No such gadget is shipped by the Inspektor Gadget project; only users running custom USDT gadgets are affected. - Attack vector: An unprivileged process in a container places a crafted ELF file at a path that a USDT gadget targets (e.g., a library name resolved via the container's ld cache). When the gadget attaches, IG parses the malicious ELF and crashes. - Impact: The IG process panics and crashes (vector 1) or is OOM-killed (vector 2). This is a DoS against the monitoring infrastructure, not a code execution or privilege escalation vulnerability. - Affected component: "pkg/uprobetracer/usdt.go", function "getUsdtInfo()" - Prerequisites: A gadget with a "SEC("usdt/...")" eBPF section must be running and configured to attach to a library inside the attacker's container. No shipped gadgets use USDT probes, so this only affects deployments with custom USDT gadgets. Affected Versions All versions of Inspektor Gadget that include USDT support in "pkg/uprobetracer/usdt.go", starting from v0.28.0 (commit 7ee5e7a90 "pkg/uprobetracer: support USDT trace points"). Root Cause Vector 1: Out-of-bounds slice access (panic) In "pkg/uprobetracer/usdt.go", the function "getUsdtInfo()" parses stapsdt notes from an ELF file's ".note.stapsdt" section. When a matching note is found ("name == "stapsdt\0"" and "type == 3"), it reads three address fields from the note descriptor: // usdt.go lines 137-139 elfLocation := elfReader.ByteOrder.Uint64(desc[:wordSize]) elfBase := elfReader.ByteOrder.Uint64(desc[wordSize : 2wordSize]) elfSemaphore := elfReader.ByteOrder.Uint64(desc[2wordSize : 3*wordSize]) For a 64-bit ELF, "wordSize = 8", so this requires "desc" to be at least 24 bytes. However, "desc" is allocated based on the note's "DescSize" field from the ELF file: desc := make([]byte, alignUp(uint64(header.DescSize), 4)) A crafted ELF with "DescSize = 1" produces a 4-byte "desc" buffer. The expression "desc[:8]" then panics with: panic: runtime error: slice bounds out of range [:8] with capacity 4 Vector 2: Unbounded memory allocation (OOM) The "NameSize" and "DescSize" fields from the note header are used directly to allocate memory without any upper bound: name := make([]byte, alignUp(uint64(header.NameSize), 4)) desc := make([]byte, alignUp(uint64(header.DescSize), 4)) A crafted ELF with "NameSize = 0xFFFFFFFF" would attempt to allocate ~4 GiB of memory. Under cgroup memory limits (common in Kubernetes deployments), this triggers an OOM kill of the IG process. Vector 3: Missing panic recovery for "debug/elf" Go's "debug/elf" package is "not hardened against adversarial inputs" (https://github.com/golang/go/issuesq=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+debug%2Felf+in%3Atitle) and may panic on malformed ELF headers. The cilium/ebpf library addresses this with its ""SafeELFFile" wrapper" (https://github.com/cilium/ebpf/blob/main/internal/safeelf.go) that uses "recover()", but "getUsdtInfo()" calls "elf.NewFile()" directly without any panic recovery. Fix The fix (3 changes in "pkg/uprobetracer/usdt.go"): 1. Bounds check on descriptor size: Validate "len(desc) >= 3*wordSize" before accessing the address fields. Reject malformed notes with an error instead of panicking. 2. Cap allocation sizes: Limit "NameSize" and "DescSize" to a reasonable maximum (1 MiB) before allocating memory, preventing DoS via memory exhaustion. There is no standard upper bound for ELF note fields; 1 MiB is a generous arbitrary cap — legitimate USDT notes are typically under 1 KB. 3. Panic recovery: Wrap "getUsdtInfo()" with "defer/recover" to catch any panics from "debug/elf" on malformed input, converting them to errors. Related - Go "debug/elf" known issues: https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+debug%2Felf+in%3Atitle - cilium/ebpf "SafeELFFile" wrapper: https://github.com/cilium/ebpf/blob/main/internal/safeelf.go — uses "recover()" around all "debug/elf" operations for exactly this reason.